“By sequencing the genome, we’ve come closer to finding out the origin of the epidemic. We know the confirmed cases in Brazil came from Italy, but the Italians don’t yet know the origin of the outbreak in Lombardy as they have yet to sequence their samples. They haven’t identified patient zero and don’t know whether he or she came from China directly or via other countries,” Ester Sabino, head of USP’s Tropical Medicine Institute (IMT), told Agência FAPESP.
According to Sabino, the first Brazilian sequence closely resembles the samples sequenced in Germany on January 28 and differs from the genome sequenced in Wuhan, the epicenter of the epidemic in China. “This virus mutates relatively little, once a month on average, so there’s no point in sequencing small pieces of the genome. To understand how the virus is spreading and evolving, we have to map the whole genome,” she said.
The researchers at IAL also sequenced the whole genome of the coronavirus isolated from the second Brazilian patient diagnosed with COVID-19, as the disease is officially called, on February 29. Completed only 24 hours after confirmation of the case in Brazil, the study shows that there are differences between the genomes of the viruses isolated from the first and second patients.
“The second Brazilian genome is more similar to the genome sequenced in the United Kingdom, and both differ from the Chinese sequences. This suggests the COV-19 epidemic is maturing in Europe in the sense that internal transmission is already occurring in European countries,” Sabino said.