我們當然不能期望立法會裡尊貴的議員能對步伐驚人的互聯網發展及時制定相應法例,但這絕非表示互聯網能成為「法外之地」。無論英國還是香港法庭對互聯網的態度是「視為與現實世界無異」,即在互聯網上完成的合約跟現實中的合約無異、在現實中能招致法律責任的言論、行為在網上發生亦有同等責任,其中後者的經典案例HKSAR v. CHAN Sek Ming Johnny(即「網上快閃黨」)判決書第36段說得非常明白:
("Further, like other media such as newspapers and books, internet is a public forum and so there is no reason why the offence is not applicable to messages published on the internet.")
color=seagreen]1) 帶有誹謗性言論 (must be a defamatory statement)
何謂誹謗性言論?根據Youssoupoff v Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures Ltd. (1934)一案中Scrutton LJ所言「誹謗性言論者,為所言之不實有損其名聲於大眾眼中之謂也!」(a false statement about a man to his discredit - the gist of this tort is that the statement of the defendant must lower or tend to lower the reputation of the plaintiff in the eyes of right-thinking people in the community or society.)。因為若言論若能令「社會上一般人」(right-thinking people in the community or society)對被告名譽觀感有損已能作出指控,故範圍之大往往令人眼界大開,例如號稱港大百年史上最英俊的教授張五常在Cheung Ng Sheong Steven v Eastweek Publisher Ltd & Anor (1995)中,控告對方報導老張因婚姻問題而走堂避見學生。老張所告不是有關婚姻問題,而是無中生有的「走堂」有損他作為教授的專業名譽,結果一言令被告出血二百四十萬。
別以為「輕描淡寫說兩句」便能置身事外,在Eastern Express Publisher Limited and another v MO Man-chung and another (1999)中毛孟靜在節目中說:
("Uh, the law, you media must abide by the law, but if every time other people mention about you only incidentally you then say you are not satisfied and want to sue, this is akin to frightening people into keeping their mouths shut".)
當滿足一個條件:答案是「有可能」:關鍵是從言論中能否令普通大眾(Reasonable People)知你所指是誰,例如在Oriental Press Group Ltd v Hong Kong Daily News Ltd. & Anor (1997),被告人雖並非以原告全名"The Sun Newspaper Group"而只用"The Sun Group",亦被判足以令人明白內容所指為原告而須負上責任,在Morgan v Odhams Press Ltd. (1971)中甚至認為只要內文能令人想到所指何人,即使完全沒有原告人名字的一點痕跡亦可成立...簡單而言,當閣下言論能令人聯想到目標人物時,可不要以為一句「我都冇提佢個名」、「我都唔係講佢」便能脫身。
不過有一點非常有趣:若目標人物是一「類」人時誹謗未必成立,例如在Eastwood v Holmes (1858)的原則下,本豬說「中大女生全都醜得嚇人」,單一中大女生可不能以此找本豬晦氣(「醜得嚇人」能否算是defamatory statement是另一問題,但即使假設成立,以這一句而言可用Justification輕易脫身,見下文);但須注意的是,當將範圍收窄如「中大崇基學院小橋流水隔離那座宿的宿生今屆宿生會...」情況便完全不同,在Bjelke-Petersen v Warburton & Burns (1987)中,當提到"this government corruption...ministers have their hands in the till"令對象收窄至一班閣員,令"must have reference to the plaintiff"這一條件得以成立。
<即係唔係xxx就可以免責任架啦>
3) 該言論須已被公開 (must be published to third party)
關於網上言論這一點最易搞:從Investasia Ltd. & Anor v Kodansha Co Ltd. & Anor (1999)中已定在網上發表已完全符合需求。