The first successful transfection of designed mRNA packaged within a liposomal nanoparticle into a cell was published in 1989.[16][17] "Naked" (or unprotected) lab-made mRNA was injected a year later into the muscle of mice.[3][18] These studies were the first evidence that in vitro transcribed mRNA with a chosen gene was able to deliver the genetic information to produce a desired protein within living cell tissue[3] and led to the concept proposal of messenger RNA vaccines.[19][20][21]
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